pathway components and in more tumor types than any other growth factor signaling
pathway, and thus is frequently activated as a cancer driver. More importantly, the PI3K/AKT
pathway is composed of multiple bifurcating and converging kinase cascades, providing
many potential targets for cancer therapy. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a high-risk and
high-mortality cancer that is notoriously resistant to traditional chemotherapies or …