This paper addresses methodological issues in cost–benefit analysis (CBA) regarding
congestion charging schemes. Despite suspicion on the reality of travel time savings, it is
argued that these savings are a conservative value of surplus gained from a congestion
scheme. The methodology of measurement of travel time reliability is not yet stabilised, but
the literature review suggests that it may take a growing share of benefits in the future.
Sensitivity tests performed on the London and Stockholm case studies with a simulation …