This article documents heterogeneous economic returns to military service that vary with the
individual propensity to serve, even within a relatively privileged sample of mostly white high
school graduates. Using a rich set of covariates from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, I
estimate propensity scores for male respondents' likelihood of voluntary military enlistment
or involuntary draft conscription. Then, I use recently developed HLM-based methods for
causal inference to analyze systematic variation in veteran status' effect on later earnings as …