… Further, we show that the unique conditions of human-spaceflight research can bolster our
understanding of human biology at the extremes. Thus, using spaceflight as a case study, we …

… At present it is for the first time in human history that we have the tools in hand to leave Earth
… than the knowledge accumulated during all centuries prior to the short era of spaceflight. …

… However, the IR load increases when we leave the shielded Earth, more so … The beauty of
this study is the availability of an identical twin, serving as the perfect genetic control on Earth. …

… Societies for Experimental Biology Bethesda, Maryland 208 14 Among the unresolved
biomedical problems of manned space flight is the incomplete understanding of the associated …

… Since the first space flight of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961, the Earth’s orbit and outer …
and working environments for humans. Two sets of factors contribute to the extremity of space. …

… Spaceflight can impact just about every organ of the human body. The launch into space …
Once subjected to the microgravity of outer space, the constant mechanical stress exerted …

… Here we review the known hazards of human spaceflight, how spaceflight affects … the
associated health risks of space exploration. We also discuss the essential issues related to the …

… on spaceflight-induced bone loss are available. For recent reviews on hindlimb unloading or
spaceflight … For recent reviews on bone changes with bed rest or spaceflight in humans, we …

… the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor … on the contents of a summer
course in ‘‘Human Spaceflight … Each of the contributing authors participated in giving the …

… Spaceflight provides the only microgravity environment where systematic experimentation
can expand our basic understanding of gravitational physiology and perhaps provide new …