… Annual mean sulfur dioxide emissions (gm −2 yr −1 ) in year 2000 with the black and
blue boxes highlighting Asia and Europe where emissions are set to zero in sensitivity
experiments (Table 1). … The spatial patterns of (a),(b) changes in sulfate aerosol burden (mg
m −2 ), (c),(d) percentage changes in cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and (e),(f)
percentage changes in cloud droplet effective radius (CDER) in response to European and
Asian sulfur dioxide emissions in JJA. The blue and black boxes in (a) and (b) highlight …

In this study, the atmospheric component of a state-of-the-art climate model [the Hadley
Centre Global Environment Model, version 2-Earth System (HadGEM2-ES)] has been used
to investigate the impacts of regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions on boreal
summer Sahel rainfall. The study focuses on the transient response of the West African
monsoon (WAM) to a sudden change in regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions,
including land surface feedbacks but without sea surface temperature (SST) feedbacks. The …