The accelerating pace of resource consumption threatens long-term availability of critical
materials: those resources that play an essential role in modern society but are vulnerable to
supply chain disruptions. Established resource management strategies have struggled to
reduce the risks of metal criticality, and the demand for these materials continues to grow.
Circular economy offers a new paradigm for addressing metal criticality through solutions
that enable material and product reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. However, products …