veered toward a literalist focus on the dictionary meaning of terms, 2 they have failed to
overrule the older conventions of interpretation, leaving a grab-bag of techniques available
to support ad hoc departures from literal readings in uncomfortable cases.'One such
technique is the" rule of lenity"-the common law doctrine, also known as" strict construction,"
that directs courts to construe statutory ambiguities in favor of criminal defendants. 4 Though …