LoRa has recently become one of the most promising networking technologies for the
Internet of Things applications. Distant end devices have to use a low data rate to reach a
LoRa gateway, which can cause long in-the-air transmission time and high energy
consumption. Compared with the end devices using high data rate, they will drain the
batteries much earlier and the network may be broken. Such an energy unfairness can be
mitigated by deploying more gateways, since it allows end devices to reach closer gateways …

LoRa has become one of the most promising networking technologies for Internet-of-Things
applications. Distant end devices have to use a low data rate to reach a LoRa gateway,
causing long in-the-air transmission time and high energy consumption. Compared with the
end devices using high data rates, they will drain the batteries much earlier and the network
may be broken early. Such an energy unfairness can be mitigated by deploying more
gateways. However, with more gateways, more end devices may choose small spreading …