Stenting under fluoroscopic imaging (FI) is an easily manoeuverable, non-noninvasive, reliable, economical and qualitative technique for the investigation of vascular disease and has superseded other techniques like Magnetic Resonance Imaging or Computerized Tomography guided stenting (Amano et al., 1999). In the present study, 12 apparently healthy mongrel adult dogs of either sex were used for standardization of retrograde renal artery stenting. After overnight fasting, the animals were premedicated with Meloxicam 0.05 mg/kg b. wt im, inj. Acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg b. wt im, and 30 min later iv general anaesthesia was induced with a mixture of ketamine HCl 10 mg/kg b. wt and Diazepam 0.5 mg/kg b. wt (Haskins et al., 1986). All animals were cannulated with (22G) vein flow (Axiflon, Axiom Medisurg Ltd., Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India) and intubated before stenting and inj. Enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg b. wt imod for 3 days was given. The hydration status of the animal was maintained by iv administration of Lactated Ringers’ solution 10 mL/kg b. wt The animal was secured in supine recumbency with left leg hanging in air on fluoroscopic table, and head and neck fully extended to ensure a patent airway. The skin on the medial thigh region was painted with Betadine solution for transfemoral approach (Seldinger, 1950).

Femoral artery was punctured with introducer catheter, 16 G Jelco (Johnson and Johnson Ltd, Netherland) and its proper placement was ensured by quick spurting of blood from the catheter. Thereafter, using percutaneous blind method,‘J’shaped 0.035 inch diameter guide wire (Startertm Guidewire, Boston scientific/MEDI-TECH, Natick, MA 01760 USA) was introduced into the femoral artery by rotary movement. Then the introducer needle was withdrawn and vascular sheath (7 Fr) was passed over the guide wire (GW) into femoral