Joule heating of an electrically conductive layer, which leads to expansion and contraction
of a small pocket of air near the surface of the film. In this work, a 10-μm-thick Ag–Pd
conductive film was coupled with heat-insulating and heat-releasing layers to fabricate a
three-layer thermophone for generating ultrasound. The heat-insulating layer was 47 μm
thick, and was made of glass. The heat-releasing layer was 594 μm thick, and was made of …