renal biopsy. Noninvasive tests would be preferable. Methods We prospectively collected
4300 urine specimens from 485 kidney-graft recipients from day 3 through month 12 after
transplantation. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were measured in urinary cells and
correlated with allograft-rejection status with the use of logistic regression. Results A three-
gene signature of 18S ribosomal (rRNA)–normalized measures of CD3ε mRNA and …