The potential of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as a novel choice for treating microalgal biomass (MAB) was assessed. The hydrochar obtained at 210 °C had a carbon content and a higher heating value (HHV) 1.09 and 1.1 times greater, respectively, than that of the feedstock. Also, washing the hydrochar with HCl efficiently removed ash and increased its carbon content 1.40-fold. Energy recovery in the liquid fraction from the hydrothermal treatment (LF) by anaerobic digestion (AD) allowed methane yields of 188–356 mL STP CH₄ g⁻¹ VS_added, to be obtained. As a result, the amount of energy recovered from MAB was increased from about 4 MJ kg⁻¹ (20% in terms of HHV) to 15.4, 12.1 and 10.4 MJ kg⁻¹ by combining HTC at 180, 210 and 240 °C, respectively, with AD. Therefore, HTC at 180 °C in combination with AD seemingly provides an effective method for valorizing MAB.