Background Postpneumonectomy empyema (PPE) is a serious complication even when it is not associated with bronchopleural fistula (BPF). Besides irrigation, an aggressive treatment is usually applied for removing infected material. However, a minimally invasive approach might achieve satisfactory results in selected patients.

Methods We retrospectively identified 18 patients presenting with PPE receiving video-thoracoscopic approach. Of these 18 patients, pneumonectomy was performed for nonsmall cell lung cancer in 15 cases, for mesothelioma in 2, and for trauma in 1 case. There were 14 males and 4 females, (mean age, 62 years; range, 44–73 days). Empyema was confirmed by thoracentesis and bacteriological examination. All patients had immediate chest tube drainage and underwent thoracoscopic debridement of the empyema. Fifteen patients had no proven BPF; two had suspicious BPF, and one had a minor (<3 mm) BPF.

Results Median time from pneumonectomy to empyema diagnosis was 129 days (range, 7–6205 days). Median time from drain position to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) procedure was 10 days (range, 2–78 days). A bacterium was isolated in 13 cases (72.2%). There was no mortality and no morbidity related to the procedure. The average duration of thoracoscopic debridement was 56 minutes (range, 40–90 minutes). Median postoperative stay was 7 days (range, 6–18 days). Only in one patient an open-window thoracostomy was performed. Median follow-up of the 18 patients receiving thoracoscopy was 41.5 months (range, 1–78 months). None had recurrent empyema. The patient with a minor BPF remained asymptomatic and is doing well at 48 months follow-up.

Conclusions Thoracoscopy might be a valid approach for patients presenting with PPE with or without minimal BPF. Video-thoracoscopic debridement of postpneumonectomy space is an efficient method to treat PPE.