Virtual but not less real: A study of cyberbullying and its relations to moral disengagement and empathy

A Almeida, I Correia, S Marinho… - Cyberbullying in the …, 2012 - Wiley Online Library
A Almeida, I Correia, S Marinho, D Garcia
Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from …, 2012Wiley Online Library
Cyberbullying is still a relatively unexplored research topic in Portugal, but it is receiving
increasing attention from researchers in psychology, education, sociology, and information
and communication technology (ICT) areas. Following a traditional line of epidemiological
studies initiated in other European countries (see Smith et al., 2008), two cross-sectional
surveys have been conducted in junior high (Almeida, Marinho, Esteves, Gomes, & Correia,
2008) and secondary schools (Almeida et al., 2009; Almeida, Correia, Marinho, Garcia, & …
Cyberbullying is still a relatively unexplored research topic in Portugal, but it is receiving increasing attention from researchers in psychology, education, sociology, and information and communication technology (ICT) areas. Following a traditional line of epidemiological studies initiated in other European countries (see Smith et al., 2008), two cross-sectional surveys have been conducted in junior high (Almeida, Marinho, Esteves, Gomes, & Correia, 2008) and secondary schools (Almeida et al., 2009; Almeida, Correia, Marinho, Garcia, & Lourenço, 2010). Additionally, as part of an ongoing study of health behavior in school-age children (HBSC), the most recently surveyed sample (2009) answered items on cyberbullying (Matos et al., 2010). These three first studies give us a snapshot of prevalence rates for cyberbullies (CB), cybervictims (CV), and cyberbully/victims (CBV), developmental trends related to age and gender, comorbidity rates for traditional bullying and cyberbullying, as well as other data concerning time spent online and cyberbullying experiences, where these experiences have taken place and which resources were used (mobile phones or the Internet). The first survey on cyberbullying, carried out in 2008, was based on a sample of 934 students enrolled in the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades in junior high schools. Some 11% of students reported incidents of cyberbullying via mobile phones and 10% via the Internet. No significant differences were found between the three age levels; however, gender was significant, with a higher number of girls reporting being cyberbullied, or having been involved simultaneously as victims and bullies, and a higher number of boys reporting having bullied others, supposedly contributing to the heightened number of female victims.
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