Weeds of arable land have two strategies for coping with severe disturbance: they have either a very short life cycle and survive disturbance events (ploughing) as seeds or they rely on an underground bud bank and a large regeneration capacity from fragmented roots or stems. Representatives of the respective strategies differ in their investments: annual weeds invest in generative structures and production of easily dispersible or durable seeds, whereas perennial weeds invest preferentially to underground storage organs bearing buds which serve for vegetative propagation. Even when perennial weeds may also produce seeds under favourable conditions, these may serve for further field infestation and spreading. However, the ability of some short‐lived annual weeds to regenerate from roots is often overlooked in studies on mechanisms for disturbance survival. Here, we show that short‐lived weeds capable of adventitious sprouting from roots may be very successful in vegetative regeneration from root fragments. Using a pot experiment, short‐lived root sprouters were found to have higher (Rorippa palustris) or the same (Barbarea vulgaris) fitness when regenerating from root fragments as when regenerating from seed. Even though this finding needs to be tested on other species and in different experimental settings, the results indicate the potential importance of adventitious sprouting from roots in short‐lived plants. Better knowledge of this phenomenon is crucial for understanding both the population dynamics of short‐lived root‐sprouters in disturbed habitats and the ruderal strategy of plants generally.