This study explores the potential of historical maps to detect, measure and monitor changes
of trees outside forests. The main goal is to assess local-level changes of scattered trees …

Trees outside forests act as ecologically valuable elements in the rural landscapes of
Europe. This study proposes a new classification system for trees outside forest elements …

A trend of forest area expansion after decades of decline is taking place in many countries
around the globe. In Switzerland, forest cover has been expanding since at least the mid …

Valuable cultural landscapes are challenging to sustain. They are usually rare and reflect
unique histories of nature–human interactions. We have studied the influence of …

Landscapes intensively farmed over a long time period represent a threat for natural habitats
and high levels of biodiversity. Information on the historical land use and spatial changes of …

Most industrial countries have experienced a transformation of land use: from decreasing to
expanding forest areas, the so-called forest transition. Outside closed forests, European …

Though on a global scale, for ecological reasons, increased forest cover is universally
regarded as positive, on a local scale, the reforestation of arable land may pose threats to …

Many studies have recently been devoted to the study of landscape change, and some have
even focused on an analysis of the dynamics of forest cover change. However, few of the …

The article attempts to define and determine the intangible components of cultural heritage
related to the spatial structure of land in a comprehensive way using computational …

Human activities and natural processes over millennia have shaped the forest landscapes of
European mountain ranges. In the Apennines, the second largest range in Italy, the post …