During macrophage activation, expression of IL-1R–associated kinase (IRAK)-M is induced
to suppress TLR-mediated responses and is a hallmark of endotoxin tolerance. Endotoxin …

IRAK2, a member of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family, has been
implicated in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling. We generated IRAK2-deficient …

Prior exposure to LPS induces “endotoxin tolerance” that reprograms TLR4 responses to
subsequent LPS challenge by altering expression of inflammatory mediators. Endotoxin …

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), a signal transducer for interleukin-1, has
also been suggested to participate in the Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune …

Local activation of the macrophage by endotoxin is essential for the eradication of invasive
gram-negative infections. Circulating endotoxin at lower concentrations results in immune …

Immune responses to invading pathogens are mediated largely through a family of
transmembrane Toll-like receptors and modulated by a number of downstream effectors. In …

IRAK4 is a member of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)–associated kinase (IRAK) family and has been
shown to play an essential role in Toll-like receptor (TLR)–mediated signaling. We recently …

TLRs mediate host defense against microbial pathogens by eliciting production of
inflammatory mediators and activating expression of MHC, adhesion, and costimulatory …

Endotoxin triggers many of the inflammatory, hemodynamic, and hematological
derangements of Gram-negative septic shock. Recent genetic studies in mice have …

Abstract IRAK‐4 kinase inactive (IRAK‐4 KD) knock‐in mice display defects in TLR‐and IL‐1
receptor signaling and are resistant to LPS‐induced shock. In the present study we …