Current knowledge of the within-site variability of major stand structural features in beech
dominated natural forests is limited. Numerous studies have used just several small plots for …

Unlike many studies on the stand structure of European beech-dominated natural forests we
explicitly examined the spatial variability of six general stand characteristics: density, basal …

A novel but simple approach for describing stand structure in natural and managed forests
driven by small-scaled disturbances is introduced. A primeval beech forest reserve in …

Horizontal structure of forest stands largely affects the competitive relationships between
tree individuals and plays a significant role in the stand dynamics. The present study …

There is increasing awareness that structure-based indicators should be considered for
assessing the biological value of late successional forests. In order to increase the unique …

Key message The intensity of silvicultural interventions and the neighborhood composition
determine branching patterns, crown shape, and trunk attributes of beech (Fagus sylvatica …

The horizontal and vertical stand structure of living trees was examined in a managed and in
a primeval spruce (Picea abies) dominated forest in southern Finland. Tree size distributions …

A grid of small sample plots was traced out in a West Carpathian (Central European) forest
that has been minimally impacted by humans. Both regeneration and all live and dead trees …

The study presents the results of long-term observations in seven old-growth beech-
dominated forest reserves of the northwestern Carpathians. Investigated forests cover a …

One of the main goals of modern silviculture is to emulate the structural complexity of old-
growth forests. In this context, it is of advantage to identify a target state of structural …