Immune systems protect animals from threats by parasites, bacteria and viruses. Most of
what we know today about the composition, function and regulation of the two fundamental …

This book comprehensively reviews the immunology of fish--their health, interactions
between them and their pathogens, and the impact of both endogenous and environmental …

This chapter describes what is known about the main components and responses of the
innate and adaptive immune system of fish. The chapter first reviews the organs, cells and …

Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune
mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital …

The immune system can be defined as a complex system that protects the organism against
organisms or substances that might cause infection or disease. One of the most fascinating …

The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers with a general overview of the fish immune
system, including commonalities and particularities in comparison with higher vertebrate …

Vertebrates are distinguished from invertebrates by an internal skeleton of cartilage or bone.
The subphylum Vertebrata includes the jawless fish (Agnatha), such as hagfish and …

Parasitic infections in teleost fish are limited by constitutive innate defence mechanisms that
render the host refractory or reduce the severity of infection. Controlled challenge trials using …

The study of innate immunity has become increasingly popular since the discovery of
homologs of many of the innate immune system components and pathways in lower …

Innate immune response is a primitive form of defense mechanism existent in plants and
animals. It is a complex system which, in vertebrates, is composed of cellular and humoral …