Gastrointestinal disorders, particularly severe constipation and delayed gastric emptying,
are core symptoms of Parkinson's disease that affect most patients. However, the …

Background The systemic rotenone model of Parkinson's disease (PD) accurately replicates
many aspects of the pathology of human PD, especially neurodegeneration of the substantia …

Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is the most common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's
disease (PD). Symptoms of GI dysmotility in PD include early satiety and weight loss from …

In Parkinson's disease patients pathology follows a characteristic pattern involving inter alia
the enteric nervous system, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the intermediolateral …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Patients
show deposits of pathological, aggregated α-synuclein not only in the brain but throughout …

Pathological studies on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suggest that PD pathology
progresses from the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the olfactory bulb into the central …

Recent investigations have focused on the potential role of gastrointestinal (GI)
abnormalities in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The 'dual-hit'hypothesis of …

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor
symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are …

While people are often aware of the motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), few know
of the many non-motor symptoms, which patients report have a greater impact on their …

Recent evidence provides support for involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. We propose that a pro-inflammatory intestinal …