Natural ecosystems are heterogeneous; their physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics display variability in both space and time. In trying to understand vegetation …

Natural ecosystems are heterogeneous; their physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics display variability in space and time. In trying to understand vegetation …

In this chapter we ask the question: To what extent does an understanding of landscape
spatial heterogeneity inform conservation decisions? We answer this question in the context …

Ecosystem restoration implies focusing on multiple trophic levels and ecosystem functioning,
yet higher trophic levels, that is, animals, are less frequently targeted by restoration than …

Ecological restoration has a paradigm of re‐establishing 'indigenous reference'communities.
One resulting concern is that focussing on target communities may not necessarily create …

Natural resource managers have used natural variability concepts since the early 1960s and
are increasingly relying on these concepts to maintain biological diversity, to restore …

The present threat to Earth's biodiversity from the human enterprise is unprecedented in
historic time. Understanding the consequences of environmental change, and developing …

The study of landscape connectivity in conservation has increased considerably since the
early part of the 21st century. While the implications of landscape connectivity are self …

Twenty‐three “vital ecosystem attributes”(VEAs) were previously proposed to aid in
quantitative evaluation of whole ecosystem structure, composition, and functional complexity …

Efforts to preserve biological diversity must focus increasingly at the ecosystem level
because of the immense number of species, the majority of which are currently unknown. An …