In this golden age of rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), researchers and
surgeons realized that AI could contribute to healthcare in all aspects, especially in surgery …

Virtual reality (VR), mixed reality (MR) and augmented reality (AR) are new ways of
interaction with three-dimensional (3D) elements. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery …

Background Virtual 3-dimentional models of the lungs have been used for guiding
thoracoscopic procedures including segmentectomy and subsegmentectomy. However, the …

In recent years, thoracic surgery has undergone a transformative shift, propelled by
technological advancements such as robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS), artificial …

There has been an exponential growth in the development and interest in virtual reality (VR)
and augmented reality (AR) including in the medical field as shown in Fig. 1. VR is a form of …

OBJECTIVES Extended reality (XR), encompassing both virtual reality (VR) and augmented
reality, allows the user to interact with a computer-generated environment based on reality …

Background Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has become a standard
approach for the treatment of lung cancer. However, its minimally invasive nature limits the …

Background. Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) is now standard for lung cancer
treatment, offering advantages over traditional methods. However, RATS's minimally …

The key of a surgical treatment for the lung cancer is to remove the infected part with the
least excision and to retain most of the healthy lung tissue. The traditional computer surgery …

The conventional two-dimensional (2D) and glasses-assisted three-dimensional (3D)
display systems can no longer meet the clinical requirements with the development of …