Multidrug efflux pumps are chromosomally encoded genetic elements capable of mediating
resistance to toxic compounds in several life forms. In bacteria, these elements are involved …

Multidrug efflux pumps can be involved in bacterial resistance to antibiotics at different
levels. Some efflux pumps are constitutively expressed at low levels and contribute to …

Multidrug efflux pumps have emerged as relevant elements in the intrinsic and acquired
antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens. In contrast with other antibiotic resistance genes …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are antibiotic resistance determinants present in all
microorganisms. With few exceptions, they are chromosomally encoded and present a …

It is well established that multidrug-resistance efflux pumps encoded by bacteria can confer
clinically relevant resistance to antibiotics. It is now understood that these efflux pumps also …

The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of antimicrobial efflux pumps is commonly
found in gram-negative bacteria and almost always chromosomally encoded.• Multiple RND …

Introduction The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family is the most important group of
multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. Their inhibition increases the …

The rise in multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the greatest threats to human health
worldwide. MDR in bacterial pathogens is a major challenge in healthcare, as bacterial …

Multidrug efflux pumps function at the frontline to protect bacteria against antimicrobials by
decreasing the intracellular concentration of drugs. This protective barrier consists of a …

The microorganism resistance to antibiotics has become one of the most worrying issues for
science due to the difficulties related to clinical treatment and the rapid spread of diseases …