Background There have been no studies to systematically evaluate the two display (3D vs.
2D) systems regarding both laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgeries in clinical settings; …

In recent years the application of 3D video endoscopic systems in clinical routine, especially
in the field of endoscopic surgery, has increased steadily. The number of 3D video …

Objective: To evaluate if “state-of-the-art” 3D-versus 4K-display techniques could influence
surgical performance. Background: High quality minimally invasive surgery is challenging …

Background The image quality and performance of 3-dimensional video image systems has
improved along with improvements in technology. However, objective evaluation on the …

Background The use of 3D laparoscopic systems is expanding. The European Association
of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) initiated a consensus development conference with the aim …

Purpose Introduction of three-dimensional (3D) display might remove technical obstacles of
laparoscopic surgery and improve laparoscopic skills. We analyzed the effect of 3D …

Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic vision is crucial to perform any
kind of manual task. The reduction from real life 3D to virtual two-dimensional (2D) sight is a …

Background Though theoretically superior to standard 2D visualization, 3D video systems
have not yet achieved a breakthrough in laparoscopy. The latest 3D monitors, including …

Abstract Background: Stereoscopic (3-D) monitors and head-mounted displays have
promised to facilitate laparoscopic surgery by increasing positional accuracy and …

Background The use of 3D technique compared to high-resolution 2D-4K-display technique
has been shown to optimize spatial orientation and surgical performance in laparoscopic …