Multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria was at first thought to be caused exclusively by the
combination of several resistance genes, each coding for resistance to a single drug. More …

Drug resistance in bacteria, and especially resistance to multiple antibacterials, has
attracted much attention in recent years. In addition to the well known mechanisms, such as …

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of most lipophilic agents tend to be much higher
against gram-negative than gram-positive bacteria. Multidrug efflux pumps that traverse both …

Active efflux of antibiotics is one of the major mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria. The
efflux process is mediated by membrane transporters with a large variety of unrelated …

Many antibiotics inhibit gram-negative bacteria less effectively than gram-positive bacteria,
because the outer membrane permeability barrier allows only a slow influx of drugs, and the …

Multiresistance in Gram-negative pathogens, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter spp. and the Enterobacteriaceae, is a …

Bacterial genomes sequenced to date almost invariably contain genes apparently coding for
multidrug efflux pumps, and the yeast genome contains more than 30 putative multidrug …

Efflux mechanisms that account for resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents are
commonly found in a wide range of bacteria. Two major groups of efflux systems are known …

Antibiotics effective against Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens are a critical area of unmet
need. Infections caused by these pathogens are not only difficult to treat but finding new …

Broadly specific, so-called multidrug, efflux mechanisms are now known to contribute
significantly to intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in a number of Gram-negative …