Codon usage and tRNA abundance are critical parameters for gene synthesis. However, the
forces determining codon usage bias within genomes and between organisms, as well as …

The genetic code, which defines the amino acid sequence of a protein, also contains
information that influences the rate and efficiency of translation. Neither the mechanisms nor …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

Background The speed of translation elongation is primarily determined by the abundance
of tRNAs. Thus, the codon usage influences the rate with which individual mRNAs are …

Genetic code redundancy allows most amino acids to be encoded by multiple codons that
are non-randomly distributed along coding sequences. An accepted theory explaining the …

The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

Synonymous codons encode the same amino acid, but differ in other biophysical properties.
The evolutionary selection of codons whose properties are optimal for a cell generates the …

The typical number of tRNA genes in bacterial genomes is around 50, but this number varies
from under 30 to over 120. We argue that tRNA gene copy numbers evolve in response to …

We study the interrelations between tRNA gene copy numbers, gene expression levels and
measures of codon bias in the human genome. First, we show that isoaccepting tRNA gene …