Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition associated with
tremor, rigidity, dementia, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, nausea and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Patients
show deposits of pathological, aggregated α-synuclein not only in the brain but throughout …

The classic view portrays Parkinson disease (PD) as a motor disorder resulting from loss of
substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Multiple studies, however, describe …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving both motor and non-motor
symptoms caused by the progressive death of distinct neuronal populations, including …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from degeneration of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). PD is characterized by …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is equipped with robust immune defenses which protect the
organism from infection. Enteric nerves are front and center in this defensive network, even …

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a prominent manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Gastrointestinal symptoms in PD include reduced salivation, dysphagia, impaired gastric …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with devastating
clinical manifestations. In PD, neuronal death is associated with intracellular aggregates of …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a nerve network composed of neurons and glial cells
that regulates the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There is …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically characterized by the presence of intraneuronal
inclusions, termed Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whose main component is alpha …