The central problem in the history of animal behavior has been the inability to perceive the
phenotype as the result of an interaction between genome and environment, despite the …

The study of animal behavior in the United States expanded considerably be the two World
Wars, in terms of the number of biologists interested in th ject and the scope of their research …

European ethologists emphasized that animal behavior is a biological phenomenon, and as
such a product of evolution. The emphasis of the North American psychologists on learning …

Gottlieb's developmental psychobiology book provides a base for reexamining the place of
the experimental analysis of behavior in the life sciences. His experimental program …

which future animal behavior must be adapted. This also alters, as Waddington shows, the
evolutionary selection of phenotypes and, indirectly, the genetic factors that prove most …

The fields of animal and human behavior-genetics are charac-terized by what seem to be
arbitrary interests in a variety of pheno-types. In human work the exceptions that come to …

In the years leading up to the Second World War the ethologists Konrad Lorenz and
Nikolaas Tinbergen, created the tradition of rigorous, Darwinian research on animal …

Several decades of research involving nonhuman animals have led many scientists to a
developmental systems explanation of the origins of brain and behavior. Developmentalists …

Ethology began with observation of animals, preferably in their natural environment. By
combining these observations with a knowledge of the animal's ontogeny and the behavior …

A distinction can be drawn between ecological and psychological studies of animal
behavior. The former became ethology and the latter, behaviorism. Robert Boakes …