Introduction. This research investigated differences in the effects of a state-of-art
stereoscopic 3-dimensional (3D) display and a traditional 2-dimensional (2D) display in …

Objective: To evaluate if “state-of-the-art” 3D-versus 4K-display techniques could influence
surgical performance. Background: High quality minimally invasive surgery is challenging …

Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) visual displays have been suggested to aid
laparoscopic skills training by providing the depth cues not present in traditional two …

Background The use of 3D technique compared to high-resolution 2D-4K-display technique
has been shown to optimize spatial orientation and surgical performance in laparoscopic …

Objective: To describe studies evaluating 3 generations of three-dimensional (3D) displays
over the course of 20 years. Summary Background Data: Most previous studies have …

Abstract Background: Stereoscopic (3-D) monitors and head-mounted displays have
promised to facilitate laparoscopic surgery by increasing positional accuracy and …

Background Recently to improve depth perception, the performance of three-dimensional
(3D) laparoscopic surgeries has increased. However, the effects of laparoscopic training …

Background Surgeons performing laparoscopic surgery have strong biases regarding the
quality and nature of the laparoscopic video monitor display. In a comparative study, we …

Background Simulators are being used to teach laparoscopic skills before residents get to
the operating room. It is unknown whether the use of three-dimensional (3D) vision will …

Laparoscopic surgeons may be hindered during complex procedures by the two-
dimensional (2-D) view provided by standard videosystems. First-generation three …