Objective: To describe studies evaluating 3 generations of three-dimensional (3D) displays
over the course of 20 years. Summary Background Data: Most previous studies have …

Background This study compared precision of depth judgements, technical performance and
workload using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopic displays …

This is the first study to explore the effects of crosstalk from 3D laparoscopic displays on
technical performance and workload. We studied crosstalk at magnitudes that may have …

Many laparoscopic surgeons feel constrained by the two-dimensional (2-D) view provided
by video monitors. Video-eye-hand coordination is further complicated by the diminished …

Introduction. This research investigated differences in the effects of a state-of-art
stereoscopic 3-dimensional (3D) display and a traditional 2-dimensional (2D) display in …

Abstract Background: Stereoscopic (3-D) monitors and head-mounted displays have
promised to facilitate laparoscopic surgery by increasing positional accuracy and …

Objective: To evaluate if “state-of-the-art” 3D-versus 4K-display techniques could influence
surgical performance. Background: High quality minimally invasive surgery is challenging …

Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) visual displays have been suggested to aid
laparoscopic skills training by providing the depth cues not present in traditional two …

Laparoscopic surgeons may be hindered during complex procedures by the two-
dimensional (2-D) view provided by standard videosystems. First-generation three …

Background Though theoretically superior to standard 2D visualization, 3D video systems
have not yet achieved a breakthrough in laparoscopy. The latest 3D monitors, including …