Highlights•RND pumps of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, fall into three different
categories.•The three categories of efflux pumps participate in different physiological …

Antibiotics are vital to modern medicine. However, bacterial resistance constitutes a growing
threat to effective antimicrobial therapy worldwide. Indeed, antimicrobial resistance …

Drug efflux pumps transport antimicrobial agents out of bacteria, thereby reducing the
intracellular antimicrobial concentration, which is associated with intrinsic and acquired …

The discovery of bacterial efflux pumps significantly advanced our understanding of how
bacteria can resist cytotoxic compounds that they encounter. Within the structurally and …

Pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria which are causative agents of infectious disease and
harbor effective drug resistance mechanisms may confound treatment in human clinical …

Highlights•Polyspecificity of bacterial RND efflux pumps is the key to environmental
versatility and antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria.•Synergy with the outer …

Multidrug efflux systems endow on bacterial cells the ability to limit the access of
antimicrobial agents to their targets. By actively pumping out antibiotic molecules, these …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen characterized by an innate
resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. A major contribution to this intrinsic multidrug …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen that exhibits high-level intrinsic
and acquired multiple antimicrobial resistance. In addition to the accumulation of individual …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …