Increasing evidence suggests that environmental neurotoxicants or misfolded α-synuclein
generated by such neurotoxicants are transported from the gastrointestinal tract to the …

Pathological studies on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suggest that PD pathology
progresses from the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the olfactory bulb into the central …

Background One of the most common types of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is Lewy
body disease (LBD), which is characterized by excessive accumulation of α-synuclein (α …

Parkinson's disease is not only a movement disorder: non-motor symptoms such as loss of
smell, constipation, depression, cognitive impairment, sleep problems and disturbances of …

The classic view portrays Parkinson disease (PD) as a motor disorder resulting from loss of
substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Multiple studies, however, describe …

Accumulating evidence has shown that Parkinson's disease (PD) is a systemic disease
other than a mere central nervous system (CNS) disorder. One of the most important …

The misfolded α-synuclein protein, phosphorylated at serine 129 (pSer129 α-syn), is the
hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD). Detected also in the enteric nervous system (ENS), it …

Emerging findings suggest that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology (α-synuclein
accumulation) and neuronal dysfunction may occur first in peripheral neurons of the …

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor
symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are …

Background The etiology of Parkinson disease (PD) has yet to be fully elucidated. We
examined the consequences of injections of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), a …