Students who failed the Texas mandatory third grade reading test were followed through
their sophomore year in high school. Comparisons of reading scores between third grade …

The academic performance of over 38,000 Texas students who failed the state's 1994
reading test was examined through their sophomore year in high school. Propensity score …

In 2002, Florida adopted a test-based promotion policy in the third grade in an attempt to
end social promotion. Similar policies are currently operating in Texas, New York City, and …

In the mid-1990s, the Chicago Public Schools declared an end to social promotion and
instituted promotional requirements based on standardized test scores in the third, sixth, and …

This policy brief presents an in-depth look at the issue of grade-retention in Texas, reviews
research that finds this practice to be ineffective, and outlines alternatives to both retention …

While the state saw impressive initial gains in 4th-grade reading scores after adopting the
policy in 2002, a rigorous analysis found that by the time kids who repeated 3rd grade …

Although grade retention remains a controversial educational practice, the accumulated
research indicates that retention has negative and often harmful effects on academic …

Grade retention, the practice of requiring a student to remain in the same grade the following
year, disproportionately affects students with sociodemographic risk and facing academic …

State and district accountability systems are increasingly including retention in grade for
young students who do not demonstrate adequate reading achievement levels. This article …

Many American states require that students lacking basic reading proficiency after third
grade be retained and remediated. We exploit a discontinuity in retention probabilities under …