Local activation of the macrophage by endotoxin is essential for the eradication of invasive
gram-negative infections. Circulating endotoxin at lower concentrations results in immune …

During macrophage activation, expression of IL-1R–associated kinase (IRAK)-M is induced
to suppress TLR-mediated responses and is a hallmark of endotoxin tolerance. Endotoxin …

Endotoxin triggers many of the inflammatory, hemodynamic, and hematological
derangements of Gram-negative septic shock. Recent genetic studies in mice have …

TLRs mediate host defense against microbial pathogens by eliciting production of
inflammatory mediators and activating expression of MHC, adhesion, and costimulatory …

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), a signal transducer for interleukin-1, has
also been suggested to participate in the Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune …

The exposure of human monocytes to the gram-negative endotoxin LPS provokes them to
enter a transient state in which they are refractory to further stimulation by LPS. This …

Prior exposure to LPS induces “endotoxin tolerance” that reprograms TLR4 responses to
subsequent LPS challenge by altering expression of inflammatory mediators. Endotoxin …

Abstract Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs), particularly IRAK1 and IRAK4,
are important in transducing signal from Toll-like receptor 4. We interrogated if a selective …

Inflammatory stimulants such as bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) are known
to induce tissue damage and injury partly through the induction of reactive oxygen species …

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by bacterial endotoxin
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a key role during the pathogenesis of sepsis. Given the key …