The exposure of human monocytes to the gram-negative endotoxin LPS provokes them to
enter a transient state in which they are refractory to further stimulation by LPS. This …

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), a signal transducer for interleukin-1, has
also been suggested to participate in the Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune …

Recent in vitro and murine in vivo studies have identified several potential LPS tolerance
factors. In this study, we describe the expression kinetics of these LPS tolerance factors in …

Although blood monocytes possess significant cytotoxic activity against tumor cells, tumor-
infiltrating monocytes are commonly deactivated in cancer patients. Monocytes pre-exposed …

We have developed the first assays that measure the protein kinase activities of interleukin-1
receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and IRAK4 reliably in human cell extracts, by …

We identified previously a patient with recurrent bacterial infections who failed to respond to
gram-negative LPS in vivo, and whose leukocytes were profoundly hyporesponsive to LPS …

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system sense a wide range of
pathogens via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Engagement of certain PRRs can …

The interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) was first described as a signal
transducer for interleukin-1 (IL-1) and has later been implicated in signal transduction of …

Sepsis results in a state of relative immunosuppression, rendering critically ill patients
susceptible to secondary infections and increased mortality. Monocytes isolated from septic …

Endotoxin tolerance is characterized by a decreased production of proinflammatory
cytokines by cultured leukocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) following a first …