Background There is increasing evidence that Parkinson's disease (PD) might start in the
gut, thus involving and compromising also the enteric nervous system (ENS). At the clinical …

Background Gastrointestinal dysfunction can affect Parkinson's disease (PD) patients long
before the onset of motor symptoms. However, little is known about the relationship between …

In the last two decades it has become clear that Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with
a plethora of gastrointestinal symptoms originating from functional and structural changes in …

Emerging findings suggest that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology (α-synuclein
accumulation) and neuronal dysfunction may occur first in peripheral neurons of the …

Background A hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the build‐up of α‐synuclein
protein aggregates throughout the brain; however α‐synuclein is also expressed in enteric …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a nerve network composed of neurons and glial cells
that regulates the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There is …

Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD): how we can improve the therapeutic approach:
PD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor dysfunctions (tremor, rigidity …

The classic view portrays Parkinson disease (PD) as a motor disorder resulting from loss of
substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Multiple studies, however, describe …

Abstract Aims According to Braak's hypothesis, it is plausible that Parkinson's disease (PD)
originates in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and spreads to the brain through the vagus …

Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is the one of the most common non-motor symptoms of
Parkinson's disease (PD) and occurs in nearly every patient afflicted with this common …