1.1 Background Plastics are typically synthetic organic polymers created by the process of
polymerisation of monomers extracted from hydrocarbons. Plastic is cheap to manufacture …

Plastics are considered one of the most serious environmental global concerns as they are
ubiquitous and contribute to the build-up of pollution. In August 2020, the BBC reported that …

Plastic pollution has become an escalating global concern, with plastic waste accumulating
in diverse environments, from populated urban areas to remote natural spaces. The rapid …

The distribution and abundance of microplastics into the world are so extensive that many
scientists use them as key indicators of the recent and contemporary period defining a new …

Plastic Pollution ver the past 50 years, the amount of plastic manufactured has increased 20-
fold, and it is estimated that that over 6900 metric tons (Mt) of 9200 million metric tons have …

Recent research has made it clear that humans are ubiquitously exposed to microplastics
and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) via inhalation, dermal exposure and ingestion. Global plastic …

The spreading and abundance of micro and nano plastics into the world are so wide that
many researchers used them as main pointers of the modern and contemporary period …

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have become emerging particulate
contaminants, 1− 3 being detected worldwide from the Antarctic 4 to the Arctic, 5 and from …

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), collectively termed “Micro (nano) plastics
[MNPs]” in the special issue, compose the vast majority of plastic contaminants. MPs have …

Plastics released into the environment can be degraded by physical erosion,
biodegradation, photocatalytic activity, and oxidation, resulting in smaller plastics particles …