State and district accountability systems are increasingly including retention in grade for
young students who do not demonstrate adequate reading achievement levels. This article …

Research indicates that while grade retention does not typically increase student
performance, it is widely practiced in schools throughout the country. Arguments for retaining …

Although grade retention remains a controversial educational practice, the accumulated
research indicates that retention has negative and often harmful effects on academic …

The practice of retaining or holding students back a grade is gaining in popularity. A
comprehensive review of the literature over the past 16 years supports that view and …

Students who failed the Texas mandatory third grade reading test were followed through
their sophomore year in high school. Comparisons of reading scores between third grade …

Grade retention, the practice of requiring a student to remain in the same grade the following
year, disproportionately affects students with sociodemographic risk and facing academic …

This book is about the practice of grade retention in elementary school, a particularly vexing
problem in urban school systems, where upward of half the students may repeat a grade. On …

In the mid-1990s, the Chicago Public Schools declared an end to social promotion and
instituted promotional requirements based on standardized test scores in the third, sixth, and …

This paper describes the results of a study that examined the prevalence of the delay of
kindergarten entry, also known as academic redshirting. Utilizing a representative sample of …

Having implemented a policy that allowed schools to retain children in kindergarten an extra
year, the Boulder Valley Public School District in Colorado conducted a study to determine …