Sepsis is a host immune disorder induced by infection. It can lead to multiple organ
dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which has high morbidity and mortality. There has been …

Sepsis and septic shock lead to considerable morbidity and mortality in developed and
developing countries. Despite advances in understanding the innate immune events that …

COVID-19 has claimed millions of lives during the last 3 years since initial cases were
reported in Wuhan, China, in 2019. Patients with COVID-19 suffer from severe pneumonia …

During an infection, the body increases the output of mature immune cells in order to fight off
the pathogen. Despite convincing evidence that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells …

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host
systemic inflammatory and immune response to infection. Over decades, advanced …

Effective immune responses against pathogens are sometimes accompanied by strong
inflammatory reactions. To minimize damage to self, the activation of the immune system …

Interleukins (ILs) are signaling molecules that are crucial in regulating immune responses
during infectious diseases. Pro-inflammatory ILs contribute to the activation and recruitment …

Cytokine storm syndrome is a cascade of escalated immune responses disposing the
immune system to exhaustion, which might ultimately result in organ failure and fatal …

Innate or natural immunity is a highly conserved defense mechanism against infection found
in all multicellular organisms. The acute phase response is the set of immediate …

Cytokine storms, defined by the dysregulated and excessive production of multiple pro-
inflammatory cytokines, are closely associated with the pathology and mortality of several …