Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess
both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic …

Defence mechanisms of fish can be divided into specific and non-specific that act in concert
and are often interdependent. Most fish in both wild and cultured populations are vulnerable …

All organisms face exposure to potential pathogens seeking to invade and exploit resources
of the host. During the evolution of life, since the first unicellular forms appeared on Earth …

Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum
Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans …

Most individual fish in farmed and wild populations are infected with parasites. Upon
dissection of fish, helminths from gut are often easily visible. Enteric helminths include …

Parasitic infections in teleost fish are limited by constitutive innate defence mechanisms that
render the host refractory or reduce the severity of infection. Controlled challenge trials using …

Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune
mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital …

The field of mucosal immunology research has grown fast over the past few years, and our
understanding on how mucosal surfaces respond to complex antigenic cocktails is …

Research in fish immune system and parasite invasion mechanisms has advanced the
knowledge of the mechanisms whereby parasites evade or cope with fish immune response …

The increasing economic importance of fish parasitoses for aquaculture and fisheries has
enhanced the interest in the defence mechanisms against these infections. Both innate and …