The overuse of exclusionary discipline practices, such as out-of-school suspensions (OSS),
has consistently been documented over several decades. The resulting racial discipline …

The use of exclusionary discipline practices, such as out-of-school suspension (OSS) and
inschool suspension (ISS), is prevalent in the United States. Of the 50.6 million students …

Attention continues to increase at the national level concerning the overuse of exclusionary
discipline in response to student behavior, particularly with respect to the overrepresentation …

Demographic and student discipline data were used to examine the influence of multi-level
risk and protective factors on exclusionary school discipline outcomes. Participants included …

Districts have been engaged in efforts to reduce “differential processing” of discipline-
referred students based on their racial backgrounds. They strive for fair assignment of …

This study used integrative review methodology to synthesize research on the relationship
between school-based restorative practices and exclusionary discipline outcomes in the …

Minority students are suspended at a disproportionately higher rate compared with others.
To reduce racial suspension gaps, four California school districts banned schools from …

Major urban high poverty schools frequently use exclusionary discipline (ie, out of school
suspensions) and apply these consequences disproportionately to African American …

Out-of-school suspensions (hereafter referred to as suspensions) are used frequently and
for many purposes throughout schools in the United States (Losen & Skiba, 2010; Skiba et …

Researchers and others in the education community are concerned about over-reliance on
exclusionary discipline such as out-of-school suspension (OSS) and expulsion …