The darker-is-deeper heuristic was originally proposed by Langer and Zucker (1994) for
approximating 3D shape from shading under conditions of diffuse illumination that typically …

Human observers made local orientation judgments of smoothly shaded surfaces
illuminated from different directions by large area lights, both with and without visible smooth …

A fundamental problem for the perception of 3D shape from shading is to achieve some
level of constancy over variations in the pattern of illumination. The present experiment was …

How do humans see three-dimensional shape based on two-dimensional shading? Much
research has assumed that a 'light from above'bias solves the ambiguity of shape from …

People are able to perceive the 3D shape of illuminated surfaces using image shading cues.
Theories about how we accomplish this often assume that the human visual system …

Two experiments are reported in which observers judged the sign and magnitude of surface
curvature from shaded images of an indoor scene. The depicted surfaces were illuminated …

There have been numerous computational models developed in an effort to explain how the
human visual system analyzes three-dimensional (3D) surface shape from patterns of image …

The perception of shape from shading (SFS) has been an active research topic for more
than two decades, yet its quantitative description remains poorly specified. One obstacle is …

The research described in the present article was designed to compare three types of image
shading: one generated with a Lambertian BRDF and homogeneous illumination such that …

Shading depends on different interactions between surface geometry and lighting. Under
collimated illumination, shading is dominated by the 'direct'term, in which image intensities …