The sociobiology of mixed species flocks is reviewed and used as a basis for evaluating the
adaptive significance of flocking. Virtually all data currently available deal with mixed flocks …

Mixed—species flocks of birds composed of chickadees, titmice, woodpeckers, nuthatches,
creepers, kinglets, and wood warblers were studied in several habitats in Louisiana …

Local enhancement is one way individuals may realize foraging advantages from grouping.
A distinction between fine-level and coarse-level local enhancement is made, the latter often …

Avian social systems during the breeding season can be classified into three major types:
territorial, cooperative or communal, and colonial. This classification is based on the degree …

Flocking behaviour in birds is a widespread phenomenon which has received much
attention in the last few decades. A considerable amount of literature exists with results of …

Mixed-species flocks of foraging birds have been documented from terrestrial habitats all
over the world and are thought to form for either improved feeding efficiency or better …

The composition and frequency of occurrence of mixed flocks among foraging insectivorous
birds were compared between several tropical forests from South America to the Indian …

We investigated whether different species of birds associated with each other while foraging
during the breeding season. On average 50% of foraging observations were in mixed …

Adaptive hypotheses for the evolution of flocking in birds have usually focused on predation
avoidance or foraging enhancement. It still remains unclear to what extent each factor has …

Two general models have been developed concerning the adaptive advantage of
participating in mixed—species foraging groups. One model emphasizes the increased …