Drug efflux pumps transport antimicrobial agents out of bacteria, thereby reducing the
intracellular antimicrobial concentration, which is associated with intrinsic and acquired …

Highlights•RND pumps of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, fall into three different
categories.•The three categories of efflux pumps participate in different physiological …

The rise in multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the greatest threats to human health
worldwide. MDR in bacterial pathogens is a major challenge in healthcare, as bacterial …

The discovery of bacterial efflux pumps significantly advanced our understanding of how
bacteria can resist cytotoxic compounds that they encounter. Within the structurally and …

Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps are one of the most important
determinants of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria. With an ever …

Multidrug efflux pumps can be involved in bacterial resistance to antibiotics at different
levels. Some efflux pumps are constitutively expressed at low levels and contribute to …

Infectious diseases remain one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the
world. Relevant authorities including the WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern …

Multidrug efflux pumps are chromosomally encoded genetic elements capable of mediating
resistance to toxic compounds in several life forms. In bacteria, these elements are involved …

It is well established that multidrug-resistance efflux pumps encoded by bacteria can confer
clinically relevant resistance to antibiotics. It is now understood that these efflux pumps also …

Highlights•Polyspecificity of bacterial RND efflux pumps is the key to environmental
versatility and antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria.•Synergy with the outer …