Background The definition of realistic models for microbial risk assessment (MRA) requires
the inclusion of variability as it is part of the microbial response to stress. Most studies are …

Predictive microbiology primarily deals with the quantitative assessment of microbial
responses at a macroscopic or microscopic level, but also involves the estimation of how …

Highlights•Development of stochastic modeling technique for bacterial inactivation is
reviewed.•Variability in survival cell numbers during inactivation process is described as …

When developing quantitative risk assessment models, a fundamental consideration for risk
assessors is to decide whether to evaluate changes in bacterial levels in terms of …

Phenotypic heterogeneity seems to be an important component leading to biological
individuality and is of great importance in the case of microbial inactivation. Bacterial cells …

The objective of food safety microbiology is to eliminate or at least significantly reduce the
concentration of pathogenic microbes in food and to prevent their resuscitation and …

Quantitative microbial modeling of foods represents a proactive approach to food quality and
safety by accumulating information on bacterial responses to environmental factors and by …

Risk estimates for food‐borne infection will usually depend heavily on numbers of
microorganisms present on the food at the time of consumption. As these data are seldom …

In past years many models describing growth and inactivation of microorganisms have been
developed. This study is a discussion of the growth and inactivation models that can be used …

Despite significant efforts by all parties involved, there is still a considerable burden of
foodborne illness, in which micro-organisms play a prominent role. Microbes can enter the …