Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps are one of the most important
determinants of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria. With an ever …

Rresistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria remove
multiple, structurally distinct classes of antimicrobials from inside bacterial cells therefore …

The discovery of antibiotics represented a key milestone in the history of medicine. However,
with the rise of these life-saving drugs came the awareness that bacteria deploy defense …

The rise in multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the greatest threats to human health
worldwide. MDR in bacterial pathogens is a major challenge in healthcare, as bacterial …

Introduction The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family is the most important group of
multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. Their inhibition increases the …

Drug efflux pumps transport antimicrobial agents out of bacteria, thereby reducing the
intracellular antimicrobial concentration, which is associated with intrinsic and acquired …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of antimicrobial efflux pumps is commonly
found in gram-negative bacteria and almost always chromosomally encoded.• Multiple RND …

Infectious diseases remain one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the
world. Relevant authorities including the WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern …

Multidrug efflux pumps can be involved in bacterial resistance to antibiotics at different
levels. Some efflux pumps are constitutively expressed at low levels and contribute to …