Although the genetic code is redundant, synonymous codons for the same amino acid are
not used with equal frequencies in genomes, a phenomenon termed “codon usage bias.” …

The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

Cellular efficiency in protein translation is an important fitness determinant in rapidly growing
organisms. It is widely believed that synonymous codons are translated with unequal …

In many organisms, selection acts on synonymous codons to improve translation. However,
the precise basis of this selection remains unclear in the majority of species. Selection could …

Background It is widely acknowledged that synonymous codons are used unevenly among
genes in a genome. In organisms under translational selection, genes encoding highly …

Background The speed of translation elongation is primarily determined by the abundance
of tRNAs. Thus, the codon usage influences the rate with which individual mRNAs are …

Codon usage bias in prokaryotic genomes is largely a consequence of background
substitution patterns in DNA, but highly expressed genes may show a preference towards …

Owing to the degeneracy of the genetic code, a protein sequence can be encoded by many
different synonymous mRNA coding sequences. Synonymous codon usage was once …

Codon usage bias (CUB) refers to the observation that synonymous codons are not used
equally frequently in a genome. CUB is stronger in more highly expressed genes, a …