Background The speed of translation elongation is primarily determined by the abundance
of tRNAs. Thus, the codon usage influences the rate with which individual mRNAs are …

Whether codon usage fine-tunes mRNA translation in mammals remains controversial, with
recent papers suggesting that production of proteins in specific Gene Ontological (GO) …

Although the genetic code is redundant, synonymous codons for the same amino acid are
not used with equal frequencies in genomes, a phenomenon termed “codon usage bias.” …

Codon usage and tRNA abundance are critical parameters for gene synthesis. However, the
forces determining codon usage bias within genomes and between organisms, as well as …

Translation of a gene is assumed to be efficient if the supply of the tRNAs that translate it is
high. Yet high-abundance tRNAs are often also at high demand since they correspond to …

Cellular efficiency in protein translation is an important fitness determinant in rapidly growing
organisms. It is widely believed that synonymous codons are translated with unequal …

The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

Transfer RNA (tRNA) gene content is a differentiating feature of genomes that contributes to
the efficiency of the translational apparatus, but the principles shaping tRNA gene copy …

Codon usage bias is a universal feature of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and has
been proposed to regulate translation efficiency, accuracy, and protein folding based on the …

Synonymous codons encode the same amino acid, but differ in other biophysical properties.
The evolutionary selection of codons whose properties are optimal for a cell generates the …