Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a type of additive manufacturing that works by
the application of material inks layer by layer using data from computer-aided design (CAD) …

Background Bone grafting has been considered the gold standard for hard tissue
reconstructive surgery and is widely used for large mandibular defect reconstruction …

Background Considering the structural and functional complexity of the craniofacial tissues,
3D bioprinting can be a valuable tool to design and create functional 3D tissues or organs in …

The basic concepts from the fields of biology and engineering are integrated into tissue
engineering to develop constructs for the repair of damaged and/or absent tissues …

The innovative 3D bioprinting technology presents itself as a state-of-the-art advancement in
the arena of craniofacial reconstruction and personalized treatment strategies. The 3D …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is developing as a dominant tool for
biomedical engineering by supporting 3D cell culture within compound 3D biomimetic …

Current methods in handling maxillofacial defects are not robust and are highly dependent
on the surgeon's skills and the inherent potential in the patients' bodies for regenerating lost …

The field of reconstructive and regenerative therapy has shown an increased amount of
interest in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques in recent years. This technique …

Introduction Bone tissue engineering (BTE) provides an effective repair solution by
implanting osteoblasts or stem cells into biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds to …

Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair
and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries …