Exploration in reward-based motor learning is observable in experimental data as increased
variability. In order to quantify exploration, we compare three methods for estimating other …

When learning a movement based on binary success information, one is more variable
following failure than following success. Theoretically, the additional variability post-failure …

Recent findings have demonstrated that reward feedback alone can drive motor learning.
However, it is not yet clear whether reward feedback alone can lead to learning when a …

Motor exploration, a trial-and-error process in search for better motor outcomes, is known to
serve a critical role in motor learning. This is particularly relevant during reinforcement …

The addition of rewarding feedback to motor learning tasks has been shown to increase the
retention of learning, spurring interest in its possible utility for rehabilitation. However, motor …

Highlights•Reward and punishment have dissociable effects on motor skill learning.•Motor
skill learning involves action selection and action execution.•Other disciplines reveal …

When performing a skill such as throwing a dart, many different combinations of joint
motions suffice to hit the target. The motor system adapts rapidly to reduce bias in the …

Besides relying heavily on sensory and reinforcement feedback, motor skill learning may
also depend on the level of motivation experienced during training. Yet, how motivation by …

Despite increasing interest in the role of reward in motor learning, the underlying
mechanisms remain ill defined. In particular, the contribution of explicit processes to reward …

The history of our actions and their outcomes represent important information, informing
choices and efficiently guiding future behavior. While unsuccessful (S−) outcomes are …